Working memory is what we use to remember information for a short time and use this information in some way. We use our working memory for a number of everyday activities. For example:
- remembering instructions such as keeping a recipe in your head while carrying out the task
- reading and remembering what you have read
- solving a maths problem
- sequencing a task - performing the various steps of a task in a certain order
- focusing on a task without being distracted
- following a conversation
- planning, organising and structuring daily life
There are two kinds of working memory that connect together:
- auditory memory (remembering information we hear)
- visual-spatial memory (remembering details of what we see)
Possible indicators
Children experiencing difficulties with working memory may show signs of difficulty with:
- following instructions
- waiting their turn
- reading comprehension
- maths calculations in their head
- getting started and/or completing a task
- planning and organising a task with multiple steps
- keeping track of belongings
Can working memory be improved?
There is a large body of evidence that suggests working memory performance can be improved.
Working memory and dyslexia
Dyslexia affects the way in which information is processed, stored and retrieved. This can lead to problems with working memory. Some children with dyslexia may have difficulties with working memory. Equally a child can have difficulties with working memory without having dyslexia.
Classroom strategies
There are various strategies that can be used to support children with working memory difficulties in completing tasks successfully:
Classroom organisation
- Ensure the child has a seating position which allows access to the teacher and displays
- Place memory aids on the child’s desk rather than classroom walls
Teaching strategies
- Keep instructions brief and simple
- Break instructions down into individual steps
- Repeat instructions if necessary
- When giving instructions, encourage the child to make notes, repeat back to you and explain what they have to do
- Give extra processing time
- Try to give instructions in multiple ways, for example verbally and visually
Resources
- Offer visual memory aids such as spellings lists, alphabet strip, number line and multiplication square
- Demonstrate how to use memory aids such as calendars and homework diaries
- Use mind mapping (Buzan, 2003)
- Use a recording device to allow playback of information
- Use ear defenders to limit noise distractions
Literacy and numeracy
- In sentence writing, allow children to write shorter sentences with familiar words
- In reading, allow students to highlight, underline and take notes
- Use spelling mnemonics
- Encourage the child to write down each part of a calculation
The East Ayrshire Support Team (EAST) have produced a working memory support pack which provides further advice for school staff on identifying and supporting pupils. This is available on Glow.
Activities to improve working memory
There are many activities to develop visual and auditory memory skills. Examples include:
Visual memory
- Pairs -ask your child to watch while you turn cards with pictures face down. Ask them to remember the location of pictures and find pairs.
- What’s Missing? (Kim’s Game) - ask your child to study the various objects set out on a table (approximately eight). Ask them to turn away so you can hide one. Can they remember what’s missing?
- Magic Cup - hide a ball under one of three cups. Ask your child to watch as you move the cups. Can they identify which cup the ball is under.
Auditory memory
- I went shopping… - as items are added to the list, ask your child to recall the list in the right sequence
- Follow instructions - for example pat your head then clap your hands
- Listen to a story and answer questions
Available to purchase
- Amazon - Mental Blox, Simon Says
- Smartkids - Brainbox Pictures, Memory Skills Board Games, Smart Chute
Apps
Working memory training apps available to download include:
- Monster Hunt
- Vismory
- Elevate Brain Training
- Lumosity
- Fit Brain Trainer
Cogmed
Cogmed is an evidence–based online program for improving the working memory and is suitable from Primary 1 to adulthood. It consists of a selection of games that help develop visual-spatial memory and auditory memory.
Users are provided with a unique username and password and the program can be accessed at home and school using a computer with internet access. There are 25 blocks (P1-P4) or 40 blocks (P5-S6) and Cogmed should be accessed three times per week, supported by a trained classroom assistant.
Trained EAST staff co-ordinate the initial set-up, monitoring and supporting, reporting on progress and suggesting next steps. Schools can refer pupils by consulting with their EAST teacher and completing a Request for Assistance.
If you would like further information, please contact your child’s school in the first instance.